e的含義是單位時間內「增長的極限」;或說是。(e is the base rate of growth shared by all continually growing processes.)

e是個常數,是個無理數(無限不循環小數),e定義有下面三種:

1. 定義下面數列的極限值為 e:

 

2. 我們先定義對數函數

則自然對數 ln x 的底數, 我們就定義為 e. 即

3. 定義指數函數

其中 0! = 1. 則 x = 1 代入可以得到

自然對數e是「增長的極限」。這裡用複利的觀念解釋:

假設本金為 1單位

1 單位,並以複利的方式計算。

若利率為 100%,那麼 1 年後本利和為 (1+1)1=2

若改成半年支付一次利息,則利率減半為 12100%
那麼,1 年後本利和為:(1+12)2=94=2.25

若改成四個月支付一次利息,則利率變為 13100%
那麼,1 年後本利和為:(1+13)3=64272.370

若改成三個月支付一次利息,則利率變為 14100%
那麼,1 年後本利和為:(1+14)4=6252562.441

以此類推,當利率變成原本的 1n,支付次數變成 n 次,則 1 年後本利和為:(1+1n)n

如此,我們可或得一個數列〈(1+1n)n〉,其中 n 為自然數。 

計算並觀察數列的前四項後可發現:a1=2, a2=2.25, a3=2.370, a4=2.441

也許你會猜測,這個數列各項越來越大,但它有可能無止盡地變大增加嗎?

若我們再繼續計算下去,可以發現下列近似值:

n          (1 + 1/n)^n
-----------------------
1          2
2          2.25
3          2.37
5          2.488
10         2.5937
100        2.7048
1,000      2.7169
10,000     2.71814
100,000    2.718268
1,000,000  2.7182804
...

眼尖的讀者可能會發現,它成長「變大」的趨勢越來越緩慢,當 n 很大時,它幾乎快要「不動」,試試下面的計算:

The numbers get bigger and converge around 2.718. Hey… wait a minute… 

In geeky math terms, e is defined to be that rate of growth if we continually compound 100% return on smaller and smaller time periods:

\displaystyle{\text{perfect compound growth} = e = \lim_{n\to\infty} \left( 1 + \frac{1}{n} \right)^n}

This limit appears to converge, and there are proofs to that effect. But as you can see, as we take finer time periods the total return stays around 2.718.

What About Different Rates?

\displaystyle{\text{growth} = e^{\text{rate}}}

What About Different Times?

\displaystyle{\text{growth} = \left(e^{\text{rate}}\right)^{\text{time}} = e^{\text{rate} \cdot \text{time}}}

So, our general formula becomes:

\displaystyle{\text{growth} = e^x = e^{rt}}

If we have a return of r for t time periods, our net compound growth is ert. This even works for negative and fractional returns, by the way.

 

【參考】

https://betterexplained.com/articles/an-intuitive-guide-to-exponential-functions-e/

https://betterexplained.com/articles/demystifying-the-natural-logarithm-ln/

 https://otherchang.pixnet.net/blog/post/31904616

https://kknews.cc/education/jj2384y.html

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